ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES GERMANY【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 Introduction1

1.1 The Scope5

1.2 A Brief Note on Terminology and Language11

2 Some Reflections on the History and Development of Alternatives to Prison13

2.1 Introduction13

2.2 ‘Reforming' Prisons and Prisoners: Setting the Scene for the Concept of Alternatives to Imprisonment14

2.3 The Intellectual Background of Alternatives to Imprisonment17

2.4 The Legislative Developments: The Birth of Alternative Punishments21

2.5 The Proliferation of Prison Alternatives: 2nd Period29

2.5.1 Expanding and Inflating Prison30

2.5.2 The Shift from ‘Doing Good' to ‘Doing Less': Prison Under ‘Attack'32

2.5.3 The Emergence of Diversion: Right Time and Right Place?36

2.5.4 The Appearance of the Victim in the Punishment Discourse40

2.6 Conclusions43

3 Alternatives to Imprisonment in England: Destined to Fail?45

3.1 Non-custodial Sanctions for ‘Surplus' Populations of Prisons: The Foundation45

3.2 The Extension of Non-custodial Sanctions53

3.2.1 Suspended Sentence59

3.2.2 Parole61

3.2.3 Community Service Order64

3.2.4 Probation with Day (Training) Centre Requirement66

3.2.5 Supervision Order67

3.2.6 Deferment of Sentence69

3.3 The ‘Impact' of Proliferation of Prison Alternatives in the Sentencing Figures71

3.4 From ‘Alternatives to Custody' to ‘Punishment in the Community'74

3.4.1 The Triumph of Diversion: More Diversion, Less Imprisonment?78

3.4.2 The Criminal Justice Act 199180

3.5 The Repositioning of Custody: “Prison Works”85

3.6 A Mixed Approach towards Non-custodial Sanctions89

3.6.1 Interim Appraisal92

3.7 Current Non-custodial Sanctions: The Context93

3.8 The Framework95

3.8.1 Discharge96

3.8.2 Compensation Order97

3.8.3 The Fine97

3.8.4 Deferment of Sentence99

3.8.5 Community Order100

3.8.6 The Non-custodial Sanctions Specific to the Juvenile Justice103

3.8.7 Youth Rehabilitation Order103

3.8.8 Referral Order106

3.8.9 Reparation Order107

3.8.10 Suspended Sentence Orders (Custody Minus)108

3.9 Investigating the Impact of Non-custodial Sanctions109

4 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Germany: Less Is More?115

4.1 The Foundation: Individualised Punishment115

4.1.1 Conditional Pardon (Bedingte Begandigung)119

4.1.2 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Juvenile Justice Legislation123

4.1.3 The Fine126

4.2 Alternatives to Imprisonment and the Third Reich129

4.3 The Extension of Alternatives133

4.3.1 The Reform135

4.3.2 The Sanction Catalogue of the Alternative Draft139

4.3.3 The Legislation143

4.3.4 The Zenith of Reform: Rehabilitation and Diversion145

4.4 Impact of Reform148

4.5 Current Legislative Framework151

4.5.1 Sentencing Measures Under the German Penal Code154

4.5.2 Dispensing with Punishment154

4.5.3 Warning with Suspension of Punishment155

4.6 The Initiatives of ‘Reforming' Reform161

4.6.1 New Non-custodial Penalties: In Between or at Back?168

4.6.2 Interim Appraisal181

4.7 A Statistical Review182

5 Alternatives to Imprisonment in Turkey: A ‘Schattendasein'?187

5.1 Introduction: Historical Context187

5.2 Non-custodial and Custodial Penalties in the Previous Turkish Penal Code190

5.3 A Need for Change and Change Without Genuine Progress196

5.4 At Odds with International Trends202

5.5 Towards the Reform207

5.6 The Reform210

5.6.1 The Preparation of the New Penal Code210

5.7 Current Legal Framework215

5.7.1 Diversion219

5.7.2 Deferred Sentence223

5.7.3 The Fine223

5.7.4 Alternatives to Short Term Imprisonment224

5.7.5 Suspension of the Execution of Punishment225

5.7.6 Sentencing Disposals in Juvenile Justice227

5.7.7 Interim Appraisal229

5.8 Post-reform230

5.9 Conclusion239

6 Summary and Conclusions241

6.1 The English Approach242

6.2 The German Approach244

6.3 The Turkish Approach245

6.4 Conclusion: The Turkish System in Prospect247

Bibliography249